GOVERNING BEYOND PISA

Beyond Pisa 2015: a Longer-term Strategy of Pisa

d) PISA assesses both subject matter content knowledge, on the one hand, and the capacity of individuals to apply that knowledge creatively, including in unfamiliar contexts, on the other. Until now PISA has assessed students in three main domains in each round: reading, mathematics and science. These domains cover some of the fundamental skills needed to continue on with higher education or su...

Beyond Regulation: Innovative Strategies for Governing Large Complex Systems

We have entered an era characterized by levels of complexity that are unprecedented in human experience. The hallmarks of complex systems are the growth of connectivity, the prominence of nonlinear patterns of change, the occurrence of bifurcations in contrast to oscillations, and frequent surprises associated with emergent properties. There are good reasons to question the adequacy of the stan...

Beyond law enforcement – governing financial markets in Chinaand Russia

Beyond neoliberalism: resilience, the new art of governing complexity

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The PISA method simplified.

We have read with interest the study by Messika-Zeitoun et al. 1 showing that using a fixed angle value of 100 provides an accurate estimation of the miral valve area (MVA) by the proximal isove-locity surface area (PISA) method in patients with mitral stenosis (MS). We appreciate the study as a means to make PISA method more popular in assessing the MVA. Although not cited in the article, we a...